Category Archives: Non Classé

Morfow Nkeze Paul¹, , Benedicta Oshuware Mbu Oben², Nor Azman Kasan^1*

¹ Higher Institution Centre of Excellent (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

² Department of Animal Sciences, University of Buea, Republic of Cameroon

Corresponding author: norazman@umt.edu.my

Abstract

This study investigated the growth performance, survival, and water quality variations in Gladiator swimming crab (Callinectes sp.) aquaculture across three different systems: Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) with ultraviolet filter (System A), RAS without ultraviolet filter (System B), and a flow-through system (System C). Initial growth performance assessments showed a uniform average initial weight of 1.63 g across all systems. After six weeks, significant differences in final weight, carapace length, and width were observed among the systems (p<0.05). Crabs in System C exhibited the highest growth performance, achieving a final average weight of 16.45 ± 0.58 g, a Specific Growth Rate (SGR) of 35.50 ± 1.0%, and carapace measurements of 31.45 ± 1.34 mm in length and 52.40 ± 0.93 mm in width. Statistical analyses revealed strong correlations between water quality parameters and growth performance metrics, with ammonia nitrogen concentrations showing a significant relationship with specific growth rate and weight gain. These findings highlight the importance of optimized water quality management and appropriate feeding strategies in enhancing the growth and survival of Gladiator swimming crabs in aquaculture systems. The study concluded that flow-through systems offer the most favourable environment for C. pallidus growth, particularly when combined with trash fish feeding. These results can inform future aquaculture practices and contribute to the sustainable production of Gladiator swimming crab in tropical regions.

Keywords: Advanced technology; trash fish; Ultra violet filter; production systems; crab aquaculture.

*Morfow Nkeze Paul¹, Benedicta Oshuware Mbu Oben², Friday Elijah Osho³, Nor Azman Kasan^1*

¹⁾ Higher Institution Centre of Excellent (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

² Department of Animal Sciences, University of Buea, Republic of Cameroon

³ Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan

Corresponding author*: mopaze2002@yahoo.com

Abstract

Shrimp farming is a key player in global aquaculture, driven by efficient and sustainable production technologies. Biofloc Technology (BFT) has emerged as a pivotal solution to various aquaculture challenges, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach. BFT enhances water quality by promoting the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, which help reduce ammonia levels and improve biosecurity. It also minimizes water exchange, conserving vital water resources in areas facing scarcity. However, while BFT has proven highly beneficial for shrimp farming, it presents challenges such as the risk of disease outbreaks, potential overcrowding, and management complexities. This review evaluates the advantages and limitations of BFT, highlighting its impact on water quality improvement, biosecurity enhancement, and water conservation. It also discusses the need for optimized system management to mitigate disease risks and overcrowding issues. Recommendations include the use of appropriate carbon sources for microbial mass management, species selection tailored to BFT, and potential integration of alternative energy sources to reduce operational costs. This review emphasizes BFT’s potential as a sustainable solution for small- and medium-scale aquaculture operations while acknowledging the necessity of addressing system challenges to maximize its efficacy.

Keywords: Aquaculture sustainability, Biofloc Technology, Disease management, Shrimp farming

Tombuh Divine Ngala* et Tangem Lucas Leku

Unit of Aquaculture, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (Minepia), Cameroon

*Correspondence to: Email:dntombuh@yahoo.co.uk; tel: 0023766330000/675730100

ABSTRACT

 The fish feed production sector in the Centre and Littoral Regions of Cameroon faces several challenges that affect the quality of the feed produced and the growth rates of the fish. The drying and storage process of the feed is inadequate, leading to spoilage due to high moisture content. Most of the fish feed production units have a moisture content that ranges between 10.5% and 18.3%, which is higher than the recommended 10% or less. The cost of production has increased due to the high prices of both local and imported raw materials, such as soybean, corn, fishmeal, fish oil, rice, and wheat. The use of well-ground raw materials in fish feed formulation is essential for ensuring the overall quality of the feed and the growth rates of the fish. However, during visits to fish feed production units, it was found that 80% of them did not use well-ground raw materials. The lack of heating units or worn screws in extruders resulted in inadequate temperature control during the extrusion process, which affected the gelatinization of starches and proteins, leading to poor pellet formation, increased feed waste, and reduced feed efficiency. The fish feed produced did not meet the nutritional requirements of the fish, with more than 80% of the local feed analyzed having crude protein levels less than 30%. The local fish feed production sector faces intense competition from imported fish feed, leading to market saturation and reduced profitability for local producers. The lack of low-cost and readily available raw materials was another challenge that the fish feed industry faced. The nutritional composition labeled on fish bags did not match the results of the analysis after assessing some fish feed production units. Additionally, the cost of local or domestic fish feed per kilogram ranges from 1000CFA to 1100CFA, while imported feed costs between 1200CFA and 1400CFA. Despite the higher cost, 70% of fish farmers in Cameroon prefer to use imported fish feed due to its better feed conversion ratio, which they believe promotes the growth of their fish species. The local fish feed production sector faces several challenges that need to be addressed to improve the quality of the feed produced and the growth rates of the fish. Statistical analyses show that the sector needs to focus on improving the drying and storage process, using well-ground raw materials, and ensuring adequate temperature control during the extrusion process. The sector also needs to address the issue of low crude protein content in feed meals, the lack of low-cost and readily available raw materials, and the competition from imported fish feed. The government needs to provide support to the local fish feed production sector to improve its competitiveness and ensure food security.

Keywords: Fish feed production, Cameroon, challenges, quality, and growth rates.

TANGEM LUCAS LEKU (+237674930502, tangemlucasleku@gmail.com)

Professional Master of Engineering in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Option Aquaculture and Master of Science in HYDROBIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, LABORATORY OF HYDROBIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT,

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDE I.

TANGEM LUCAS LEKU, OMGBA MARIE THÉRÈSE VIVIANE, MPOMEZOK CHILLY VANESSA GABY, NYAMA JOSEPH, TAMPONO IDEDOU CHRISTELLE.

MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES AND ANIMAL INDUSTRIES

YAOUNDE, CAMEROON.

Abstract

The study evaluated water quality and macroinvertebrate biodiversity in four (04) fish ponds at the Obili Aquaculture Unit, Centre Region of Cameroon, from June 2022 to November 2022. Monthly sampling was carried out, measuring physico-chemical parameters according to Rodier’s guidelines and collecting benthic macroinvertebrates using a multihabitat approach. Results indicated poorly oxygenated, slightly acidic water conditions, which are unfavorable for aquatic species production, along with low levels of organic pollution indicators such as nitrates, orthophosphates, and nitrites. A total of 532 macroinvertebrates were identified, spanning two phyla, two classes, six orders, and ten families. Insects dominated the community, comprising 51.7% relative abundance across four orders and eight families, followed by Gastropoda, which accounted for 48.3% relative abundance across two orders and two families. Spatial-temporal analysis revealed the presence of pollution-tolerant taxa, including Lestidae, Thiaridae, and Lymnaeidae, indicating excessive organic pollution. Diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver and Pielou’s equitability) reflected low taxa diversity, caused by unfavorable conditions for pollution-sensitive species. Hilsenhoff’s Biotic Index confirmed significant organic pollution across all ponds. The Global Biotic Numeric Index (GBNI) indicated poor water quality in the fish ponds, while Sörensen’s similarity coefficient (>50%) showed high similarity among ponds.

. Finally, the study suggests promoting macroinvertebrate cultivation as a viable alternative to fishmeal in aquaculture feed.

Key words: Biodiversity, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Water quality, Fish ponds, Obili.

TANGEM LUCAS LEKU (+237674930502, tangemlucasleku@gmail.com)

TANGEM LUCAS LEKU, OMGBA MARIE THÉRÈSE VIVIANE, MPOMEZOK CHILLY VANESSA GABY, NYAMA JOSEPH, TAMPONO IDEDOU CHRISTELLE.

MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES AND ANIMAL INDUSTRIES

YAOUNDE, CAMEROON.

Abstract

The study evaluated water quality and fish biodiversity in four fish ponds at the Obili Aquaculture Unit, located in the Centre Region of Cameroon, from June to November 2022. Monthly sampling was carried out, with physico-chemical parameters measured following Rodier’s guidelines. A multihabitat approach was used for fish capture, employing nets to sample and count fish, which allowed estimation of total fish populations in each pond. Results indicated poorly oxygenated and slightly acidic water conditions, unfavorable for aquatic species production, along with low levels of organic pollution indicators such as nitrates, orthophosphates, and nitrites. The African catfish, identifiable by barbels, absence of scales, a single long dorsal fin, and dark grey coloration with a white ventral side, was present in all ponds. Pond 4 was stocked at a density of 20 catfish per square meter, corresponding to an estimated 8,000 catfish, while only a few Tilapia were observed there. Oreochromis niloticus, an omnivorous grazer feeding on phytoplankton, periphyton, aquatic plants, small invertebrates, benthic fauna, detritus, and associated bacterial films, outnumbered catfish in the other ponds. Catfish stocking was aimed at controlling tilapia populations. The Global Biological Normalized Index (GBNI) indicated poor water quality across the ponds, whereas Sørensen’s similarity coefficient (exceeding 50%) demonstrated good biological similarity among the ponds. Finally, the study suggests promoting macroinvertebrate cultivation as a viable alternative to fishmeal in aquaculture feed.

Key words: Biodiversity, fish, water quality, fish ponds, Obili.

ANJOIKA AYAH BERNARD^ab, FONCHA Jacinta^a and MBONG GRACE^bc

^aDepartment of Development studies of the Pan African Institute for Development West Africa (PAID-WA), Buea with Development with specialization in Agriculture and Development

^bMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development

^cFaculty of Science,University of Dschang,

correspondence:bernardanjoika@gmail.com; Tel:00237675895735

ABSTRACT

                The high domestic demand for maize, which can be considered as a significant contributor to ensuring food security and health potential in Cameroon, contributed to motivate the interest to undertake this study and the resultant findings of the research. The study aims to investigate the result effect of maize variety and population density on the growth, physiological and yield response as well as the impact of adoption of improved maize varieties in Yaounde (vii) sub division center region of Cameroon. The five treatments (inter- row spacing) were: Treatment 1 (T115cm 195200 plants per hectare),Treatment 2 (T220cm-71400 plants per hectare), Treatment 3 (T325cm 57100 plants per hectare),Treatment 4 (T430cm47600 plants per hectare),Treatment 5 (T535cm40100 plants per hectare), Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete Block Design. Commercial N P K (20:10:10) fertilizer was applied after the development of five leaves by the plant. This research was conducted between June and July 2021. There were three blocks each with a surface area of 40 meters square. Each block was divided into three raised ridges. Each ridge measured 200cm by 0.5m. The ridges were separated from the adjacent ridge by 0.5m. Maize seeds were sown per intra- row spacing on 13^th of June 2021 after having observed consecutive rainfall. Data was collected on physiological, morphological and yield parameters. The data was subjected to ANOVA and the ordinary least square technique was the mean segregated method used to determine factors that influence maize yield. The results show that different intra- row spacing influence morpho-physiological abilities such as plant emergence, plant height, stem collar diameter, leaf area index, plant vigor and the yield parameters involving weight of cobs at harvest irrespective of the variety of the maize. Maize is the agronomic grass species that is most sensitive to variation in plant density. For each production system, there is a population that maximizes grain yield. This present an overview of the factors that affect optimum plant population, emphasizing on row spacing and variety on development and discussing important traits that have contributed to increase in yield of modern hybrids to specific, inter row spacing for maximum economic yield.

Key words: ANOVA: analysis of variance, ordinary least square techniques

                RÉSUMÉ

La forte demande intérieure de maïs, considérée comme un facteur important de sécurité alimentaire et de santé au Cameroun, a motivé l'intérêt suscité par cette étude et les résultats obtenus. L'étude vise à étudier l'effet de la variété de maïs et de la densité de population sur la croissance, la réponse physiologique et le rendement, ainsi que l'impact de l'adoption de variétés améliorées de maïs dans la sous-division de Yaoundé (VII), région du Centre, au Cameroun. Les cinq traitements (espacement inter-rangs) étaient les suivants : Traitement 1 (T115 cm - 195 200 plants par hectare), Traitement 2 (T220 cm - 71 400 plants par hectare), Traitement 3 (T325 cm - 57 100 plants par hectare), Traitement 4 (T430 cm - 47 600 plants par hectare), Traitement 5 (T535 cm - 40 100 plants par hectare). Les traitements ont été organisés selon un dispositif en blocs randomisés complets. Un engrais commercial N P K (20:10:10) a été appliqué après le développement de cinq feuilles par la plante. Cette recherche a été menée entre juin et juillet 2021. Il y avait trois blocs d'une superficie de 40 mètres carrés chacun. Chaque bloc était divisé en trois billons surélevés. Chaque billon mesurait 200 cm sur 0,5 m. Les billons étaient séparés du billon adjacent de 0,5 m. Les graines de maïs ont été semées selon un espacement intra-rang le 13 juin 2021 après avoir observé des précipitations consécutives. Des données ont été collectées sur les paramètres physiologiques, morphologiques et de rendement. Les données ont été soumises à une ANOVA et la technique des moindres carrés ordinaires était la méthode de ségrégation moyenne utilisée pour déterminer les facteurs qui influencent le rendement du maïs. Les résultats montrent que les différents espacements intra-rang influencent les caractéristiques morphophysiologiques telles que la levée, la hauteur, le diamètre du collet, l'indice foliaire, la vigueur et les paramètres de rendement, notamment le poids des épis à la récolte, quelle que soit la variété de maïs. Le maïs est l'espèce de graminée agronomique la plus sensible aux variations de densité de plantation. Pour chaque système de production, il existe une population qui maximise le rendement en grains. Cet article présente un aperçu des facteurs qui influencent la population optimale, en mettant l'accent sur l'espacement et la variété au cours du développement, et en analysant les caractéristiques importantes qui ont contribué à l'augmentation du rendement des hybrides modernes, en fonction d'un espacement spécifique entre les rangs pour un rendement économique maximal.

Mots clés : ANOVA : analyse de la variance, techniques des moindres carrés ordinaires

ANJOIKA AYAH BERNARDabc, NJUALEM DOMINICa and MBONG GRACEcd

         ^aSCHOOL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND NATTURAL RESOURCES (STANR) BAMENDA DEPARTMENT, OF AGRONOMY, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CAMEROON (CATUC) BAMENDA

^bDepartment of Development studies of the Pan African Institute for Development West Africa (PAID-WA), Buea with Development with specialization in Agriculture and Development

^cMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development

^dFaculty of Science,University of Dschang,

correspondence:bernardanjoika@gmail.com; Tel:00237675895735

ABSTRACT

Grain legumes as a protein-rich food, plays an important role in human nutrition, especially in developing countries. Beans contribute up to 33% of the dietary protein need of humans. The production of bean in Mendankwe is generally poor as a result of poor knowledge on the planting spacing of the bean plant. As a result of this, an experiment was conducted in Mendankwe from the 21 of February to the 30th of June to investigate the appropriate planting density of beans for; 10cm, 15cm, 20cm, 25cm and 30cm. Arandomized complete block designed with four replication was used. An experimental unit measuring 2.0 m by 1.0 m was used. Data on the emergence, plant height, vigorousity, and number of pods, pod length and the weight of grains were collected. Data were analysed and results presented in tables and Histogram. The results indicated that treatment one (10.0 cm) had the highest emergence rate with a total of 98% germination due to its highest population density and treatment five (30.cm) had the least germination with 82%. Treatment two (15 cm) gave the highest plant height of 28.3cm while treatment five (30 cm) had the least with 23.3cm. Treatment four with the planting spacing of 25cm is recommended to farmers in Mendankwe village since it had a very good percentage number of pods and consequently highest number of grains produced as compared to other plant density.

Key words: Common bean, spacing, yield, Mendankwe, Cameroon

RÉSUMÉ

Les légumineuses à grains, riches en protéines, jouent un rôle important dans l’alimentation humaine, notamment dans les pays en développement. Les haricots contribuent jusqu’à 33 % des besoins en protéines alimentaires de l’humanité. La production de haricots à Mendankwe est généralement faible en raison d’une mauvaise connaissance de l’espacement des plants. Par conséquent, une expérience a été menée à Mendankwe du 21 février au 30 juin afin d’étudier la densité de plantation appropriée pour les haricots : 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm et 30 cm. Un bloc complet randomisé avec quatre répétitions a été utilisé. Une unité expérimentale de 2,0 m sur 1,0 m a été utilisée. Des données sur la levée, la hauteur des plants, la vigueur, le nombre de gousses, la longueur des gousses et le poids des grains ont été collectées. Les données ont été analysées et les résultats présentés sous forme de tableaux et d’histogrammes. Les résultats ont montré que le premier traitement (10,0 cm) présentait le taux de levée le plus élevé, avec un taux de germination total de 98 %, en raison de sa densité de population la plus élevée. Le cinquième traitement (30 cm) présentait le taux de germination le plus faible, avec 82 %. Le deuxième traitement (15 cm) a donné la hauteur de plante la plus élevée, soit 28,3 cm, tandis que le cinquième traitement (30 cm) a obtenu la plus faible, avec 23,3 cm. Le quatrième traitement, avec un espacement de plantation de 25 cm, est recommandé aux agriculteurs du village de Mendankwe, car il présentait un très bon pourcentage de gousses et, par conséquent, le plus grand nombre de grains produits par rapport aux autres densités de plantation.

Mots clés : Haricot commun, espacement, rendement, Mendankwe, Cameroun

Ndjengue Joseph ^⁎, Assi Quiggle , Tsomene Pierre, Ajeagah Gideon

Hydrobiologie et Environnement , Faculte des Sciences ,Universite de Yaoundé 1

^⁎Correspondence to :mballa.josef.ndjengue@outlook.fr Tel :690839460

Resume

Les Ciliés (Ciliophora, Ciliata ou Euciliata, autrefois nommés aussi « Infusoires ») sont un embranchement d’eucaryotes unicellulaires du règne des Chromista (historiquement des Protozoaires). Ils sont caractérisés par la présence de cils cellulaires à leur surface à au moins un instant de leur cycle.Les Ciliés sont présents dans les eaux douces, saumâtres et marines où ils existent sous diverses formes : formes libres nageuses, formes fixes pédonculées, formes coloniales, formes parasitaires non pathogènes ou formes symbiotiques ; Les objectifs principaux c’est la caractérisation des protozoaires ciliés en relations avec les paramètres organoleptiques ; Les cours deau Ngueun et Bigna et Bafia et Mok et Nde a Makene , Pour les parametres organoleptiques Unuspectrophotomètre permet de déterminer les couleur, MES et Couleur ; et  la concentration d’une espèce chimique en solution. Les ciliés, sont des organismes unicellulaires souvent étudiés en laboratoire pour comprendre leurs mécanismes de mouvement et de digestion l’observation peut est facilitée en utilisant une coloration simple comme le rouge neutre. Et les comtage sont fait au microscope a lobjectif 40 ; leur ultrqstructure et les microphotographie sont prit a lobjectif 100, Trois classes des protozoaires ciliés sont identifiés dans les cours d’Eaux donc les polyhemenophora (Caenomorpha ; Metopus Oxytricha) ; Ologohymenophora(Paramecium ; Urocentrum ; Uronema) and kinetophrag,inophora (loxodes ; Vorticella et stentor) qui montre une polution de mesosaprobic a polysaprobic d’amont en Aval, La pollution des rivières nuit à l’environnement et à la santé des personnes à Makenene et Bafia et Aucune réglementation n’est en place pour protéger la qualité de l’eau et l’intégrité environnementale des rivières

Mots Cles : Protozoaires ciliés, pollution organique, Cours d’eau, Bafia ; Makenene

Abstract

Ciliates (Ciliophora, Ciliata or Euciliata, formerly also called "Infusoria") are a branch of unicellular eukaryotes of the kingdom of Chromista (historically Protozoa). They are characterized by the presence of cellular cilia on their surface at least at one moment of their cycle. Ciliates are present in fresh, brackish and marine waters where they exist in various forms: free swimming forms, fixed pedunculated forms, colonial forms, non-pathogenic parasitic forms or symbiotic forms; The main objectives are the characterization of ciliated protozoa in relation to organoleptic parameters; The Ngueun and Bigna and Bafia and Mok and Nde a Makene rivers, For organoleptic parameters, a spectrophotometer can determine color, MES and Color; and the concentration of a chemical species in solution. Ciliates are unicellular organisms often studied in the laboratory to understand their mechanisms of movement and digestion. Observation can be facilitated by using a simple stain such as neutral red. And the counts are made under a microscope with a 40 objective; their ultrastructure and photomicrographs are taken with a 100 objective. Three classes of ciliated protozoa are identified in watercourses, including the polyhemenophora (Caenomorpha; Metopus Oxytricha); Ologohymenophora (Paramecium; Urocentrum; Uronema) and kinetophrag,inophora (loxodes; Vorticella and stentor) which shows a pollution of mesosaprobic to polysaprobic from upstream to downstream, River pollution harms the environment and human health in  Makenene and Bafia and No regulations are in place to protect the water quality and environmental integrity of rivers

Key words: Ciliated protozoa, organic pollution, watercourses, Bafia; Makenene

Claudin Wamba Tchinda

E-mail: wambatchindaclaudin@yahoo.fr , Telephone: +237 672 427 146

Résumé

La pollution atmosphérique représente un défi environnemental et sanitaire majeur à l’échelle mondiale, avec des spécificités prononcées dans les régions tropicales. Cet article synthétise les connaissances actuelles sur les sources d’émissions prédominantes, l’influence des conditions météorologiques et climatiques tropicales, les impacts sanitaires, environnementaux et socio-économiques, ainsi que les stratégies d’atténuation et d’adaptation. Les feux de biomasse, l’industrialisation, l’urbanisation rapide et l’utilisation de combustibles solides pour la cuisson sont identifiés comme des contributeurs majeurs. Le fort ensoleillement, les températures élevées et les régimes de précipitations variables modifient la dispersion et la transformation des polluants. Les conséquences sur la santé humaine (maladies respiratoires, cardiovasculaires), les écosystèmes (dommages à la végétation, acidification) et l’économie sont significatives. L’article examine les politiques, technologies, solutions basées sur la nature et la sensibilisation publique comme leviers d’action, tout en soulignant les défis persistants et les perspectives de recherche future pour une gestion plus efficace de la qualité de l’air dans ces régions vulnérables.

Mots-clés : Pollution atmosphérique, Zone tropicale, Sources d’émissions, Impacts sanitaires, Écosystèmes, Stratégies d’atténuation, Adaptation, Changement climatique.

TCHAKALA IBRAHIM,

University of Lome, Togo,

Email : itchakala@univ-lome.tg. Tel: 002 2890022447

EXCEED SWINDON CONSORTIUM

Abstract

The main challenges are:Securing water for people; Securing water for food production;Developing other job creating activities;Protecting vital ecosystems;Dealing with the variability of water in time and space; Managing risks; Creating public awareness and understanding;Forging the political will to act;Ensuring collaboration across sectors and boundaries;The traditional sectoral and fragmented approach to water resources management has often led to governing groups representing conflicting interests. Policy objectives have been set without consideration of the implications for other water users and without consultation across sectoral and institutional boundaries. Climate change is undoubtedly the primary cause of water insecurity in Africa. Unpredictable weather patterns and intense weather events have left several communities grappling with water scarcity in African states, including South Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The main causes of water scarcity in Africa are physical and economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, and the effects of climate change on the water cycle.

Key words: challenges of water security, pollution, climate change, urbanization, population growth, Africa

Résumé

                    Les principaux défis sont : la sécurisation de l’eau pour les populations ; la sécurisation de l’eau pour la production alimentaire ; le développement d’autres activités créatrices d’emplois ; la protection des écosystèmes vitaux ; la gestion de la variabilité de l’eau dans le temps et l’espace ; la gestion des risques ; la sensibilisation et la compréhension du public ; le développement de la volonté politique d’agir ; la collaboration entre les secteurs et les frontières ; l’approche sectorielle et fragmentée traditionnelle de la gestion des ressources en eau a souvent conduit à des groupes dirigeants représentant des intérêts contradictoires. Les objectifs politiques ont été fixés sans tenir compte des implications pour les autres usagers de l’eau et sans consultation entre les secteurs et les institutions. Le changement climatique est sans aucun doute la principale cause de l’insécurité hydrique en Afrique. Des conditions météorologiques imprévisibles et des phénomènes météorologiques intenses ont laissé plusieurs communautés aux prises avec la pénurie d’eau dans des États africains, notamment en Afrique du Sud, au Kenya, en Éthiopie et en Somalie. Les principales causes de la pénurie d’eau en Afrique sont la rareté physique et économique de l’eau, la croissance démographique rapide et les effets du changement climatique sur le cycle de l’eau.

Mots clés : défis de la sécurité hydrique, pollution, changement climatique, urbanisation, croissance démographique, Afrique