Asi Quiggle Atud[^1]* and Ajeagah Gideon Aghaindum ^[1]

[1] University of Yaounde I, BP 812, Faculty of Sciences, Animals Biology and Physiology Department, Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Yaounde city, Cameroon

 * Correspondence:  asiatud@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

In order to monitor environmental forms of microsporidia in the groundwater of the Centre region of Cameroon, samples were collected from sixteen (16) springs regularly used by the local population. The study was conducted from August 2018 to August 2019 during the four seasons that are characteristized by the ecological bimodal zone of the central south forest of Cameroon. The physico-chemical analysis were carried out both in the field and at the Hydrobiology and Environment laboratory of the University of Yaounde I. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed repectively using standard methods and trichome strain’s. The results of physico-chemical analysis have revealed that springs has an avarege temperature of 25.14 ± 0.73 °C. These water samples are generally poorly mineralized (144.76 ± 104.28 µS/cm), poor in organic matter (2.45 ± 1.06 mg/L) and suspended solids (14.56 ± 12.60 mg/L), but with very high values of turbidity (27.40 ± 28.16 FTU). The physico-chemical results showed that these areas are poorly polluted with low anthropogenic impacts.  Microbiological analysis, showed contamination of groundwater with microsporidia spores unfit for drinking. The observations revealed several shapes of spores in the environment in relation to their sizes (μm) leading to species richness. Statistical analysis showed variations in spores between stations and seasons with a higher abundance during rainy season. Findings, showed diversity of species in the water  Enterocytozoon bieneusi (1-1.6 x 0.7-1.2), (Encephalitozoon intestinalis (1.8-2.4 x 1.2-2.0), Encephalitozoon hellem (2-2.5 x 1.6-2), Encephalitozoon cuniculi (2.8-3.2 x 1.6-2.4) , Nosema spp. (3.2-3.6x 2-2.4 ), Vittaforma corneae (3.6 – 4 x 1.2-1.6 ), Pleistophora spp. (3.2-4x 2-2.4), and Microsporidium spp. (2.8-4.4 x 1.6-3.2). These spores would be better appreciated by molecular analysis. These results showed that, microsporidian spores are diverses and ubiquitous indicating a poor quality of water and good indicator to assess water quality.

Keywords: Biomonitoring, Spores, Drinking water, Physico-chemical, Health risk, Springs 

Nkeng George Elambo^a, Djoudjo Yolande^b, Tsoméné Namekong Pierre^c, Asi Quiggle Atud^c, Mbouombouo mama^c ,Badjika Goldin^d, Ajeagah Gideon Aghaindum^e

^a,Full Professor of Environmental engineering and applied Chemistry, Director of Higher National School of Public Works in Yaounde (ENSTP)

 ^bPhD student in Hydrobiology and Environment

^cDoctors in Hydrobiology and environmental engineering, Part time lecturers in the department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon

^d Student of the Higher School of Public Works in Yaounde, specialised in water ressource engineering and management(ENSTP)

^e Full Professor  of hydrobiology, Environmental engineering and Public health

corresponding email : ajeagahg@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the biodiversity of the forms of dissemination of Sarcocystis in the aquatic medium in Yaounde, a study was carried out from January to June 2016. To do so, monthly samplings wer carried out in several points of the Mfoundi stream and in eight marshy areas (Obili, Melen, Mvog-Betsi, Etoug-Ebé, Mokolo Elobie, Tsinga, Ekounou and Nsimeyong). The physico-chemical analyses were done following standard methods and revealed waters with high temperatures (26.61±0.96 ± 0.08 UC), low oxygenation (21.19 ±4, 52%), average mineralization (566.16 ± 182.31µs/cm), rich in suspended matter (23.37 ±06.52 mg/L) and organic matter. On the other hand, biological analyses were made by the observations of oocysts and sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. using the Olympus brand inverted microscope at the 40x objectives. These observations followed the concentration and coloration of the organisms in the water samples following the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. The results show the presence of 99 oocytsts and sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in the Mfoundi stream and 1753 oocysts and sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in the marshy areas. Overall, the highest oocysts and sporocyst densities were recorded during the long dry season in the Mfoundi stream and during the short rainy season in the marshy areas. The abundance dynamics of these enteropathogens are significantly and positively correlated with suspended electric conductivity and organic matter (p <0.05). This contamination of water by enteropathogenic protozoa compromises their use as it would constitute a health risk for the populations using these points.

Key words: Dynamics, Sarcocystis, oocysts, sporocysts, physico-chemistry, aquatic me

A.F COULIBALY¹, A.J.L OKON², C.M KONE³

¹ Laboratoire de zootechnie, UFR Agriculture, Ressources Halieutiques et Agro-industrie Université de San Pédro, 01 BP 1800 San Pédro, Côte d’Ivoire.

²Laboratoire d’Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, UFR des Sciences Médicales, l’Université Félix Houphouët Boigny de Cocody, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

³Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Auteur Correspondant : Okon Abou Joël Landry, jlokon@yahoo.fr, +225 0758863407

Résumé

Problématique : utiliser des plantes médicinales comme une alternative pour la prise en charge du problème d’infertilité humaine.

Objectif : évaluer l’effet des extraits aqueux de Cissus aralioïdes sur l’activité folliculaire chez des rattes Wistar.

Matériel et méthodes : Les feuilles de Cissus aralioïdes récoltées ont été séchées à la température ambiante pendant 3 semaines et broyées. La poudre obtenue a subi une extraction aqueuse. L’expérience a été conduite conformément à la Déclaration de Helsinki de 1975 et révisée en 1983. Ainsi, 12 rattes Wistar adultes apparemment saines pesant entre 130-169 g ont été utilisées. Quatre (4) groupes expérimentaux à raison de trois (3) rattes par groupe ont été constitués. Le groupe 4 (témoin) a reçu 2mL/200g d’eau distillée, les groupes 1,2,3 ont reçu 2ml/200g respectivement 10%, 15% et 25% d’extraits aqueux de feuilles de Cissus aralioïdes par gavage pendant 10 jours correspondant à deux cycles œstraux. Des frottis vaginaux ont été réalisés sur les 12 rattes et l’indice oestrogénique a été déterminée.

Résultats : Il a été constaté une augmentation significative (P de l’indice œstrogénique (80%) chez les rattes traitées avec une dose d’extrait de 25%.

Conclusion : Ces résultats suggèrent que focus delta aurait une activité folliculostimulatrice, caractérisée par l’augmentation constante de l’imprégnation et de l’indice œstrogénique au cours du traitement.

Mots clés : stimulation folliculaire, rat Wistar, plante médicinale, frottis vaginal

Abstract

Problem: Using medicinal plants to treat human infertility.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Cissus aralioides on follicular activity in Wistar rats.

Material and methods: The leaves of Cissus aralioides were harvested, dried at room temperature for 3 weeks and then ground. The powder obtained was subjected to an aqueous extraction. The experiment was carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki adopted in 1975 and revised in 1983. Twelve apparently healthy adult Wistar rats were used. They weighed between 130 and 169 g. Group 4 (control) received 2 ml/200 g of distilled water, groups 1, 2 and 3 received 2 ml/200 g of 10%, 15% and 25% aqueous extracts of Cissus aralioides leaves, respectively, by gavage for 10 days, corresponding to two estrous cycles. Group 4 (control) received 2 ml/200 g of distilled water and groups 1, 2 and 3 received 2 ml/200 g of 10 %, 15 % and 25 % aqueous extracts of Cissus aralioides leaves, respectively, by gavage for 10 days, corresponding to two estrous cycles. Vaginal swabs were taken from all 12 rats and the estrogenic index was determined.

Results: There was a significant (P<0.001) increase in the estrogenic index (>80%) in the rats treated with 25% extract dose.

Conclusion: These results suggest that focus delta has a follicle-stimulating activity, which is characterised by a constant increase in the impregnation and the estrogenic index during the treatment period.

Key Words: follicular stimulation, Wistar rat, medicinal plant, vaginal smear

Effect of two bio-pesticides (Thevetia peruviana K. and ricinus communis L.) on the emergence of Spodoptera frugiperda, SMITH 1797 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in maize cultivation (zea mays) in Daloa (Center-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

 Drissa FONDIO*, Lacina SORO,  Robert Ossey N’DEPO, Lucie N’Guessan YEBOUE et Celestin Abedi Kouadio N’GORAN

UFR Agroforesterie, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.

*Auteur correspondant ; E-mail : fondiodrissa35@gmail.com ; Tel. : +225 0749359360

RÉSUMÉ

Le maïs (Zea mays, L.) est une céréale  de la famille des Poaceae. Sa culture fait l’objet de nombreuses attaques causant des pertes importantes de la production. Cette étude  s’inscrit dans les études préliminaires de recherche de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre Spodoptera frugiperda sur une parcelle de maïs, l’un des ravageurs le plus vorace en vue de proposer un moyen de lutte alternative. Pour la réalisation des travaux, une parcelle paysanne a été utilisée. Dans le but de contrôler la population de S. frugiperda sans dégrader l’environnement, l’utilisation des extraits de plantes comme produits de substitution aux insecticides chimiques a été envisagée. Ce sont, Ricinus communis et Thevetia peruviana. Les travaux ont montré que les extraits de   R. communis sont  efficaces sur les larves à la concentration de 110g/L. Cette étude a révélé que les S. frugiperda est l’insecte qui cause le plus de dégâts au maïs et pour lutter contre, lui les extraits de R. communis sont les plus efficaces.                                                                                                   

 Mots-clés: Maïs, Insectes, Ravageur, Extraits, Insecticides.

 

ABSTRACT    

Maize (Zea mays, L.) is a cereal from the Poaceae family. Its culture is the subject of numerous attacks causing significant losses in production. This study is part of the preliminary research studies of new prospects for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda on a plot of maize, one of the most voracious pests, with a view to proposing an alternative means of control. For the realization of the works, a peasant plot was used. In order to control the population of S. frugiperda without degrading the environment, the use of plant extracts as substitutes for chemical insecticides has been considered. These are, Ricinus communis and Thevetia peruviana. Work has shown that extracts of R. communis are effective on larvae at a concentration of 110g/L. This study revealed that S. frugiperda is the insect that causes the most damage to maize and to fight against it, extracts of R. communis are the most effective.

Keywords: Maize, Insects, Pest, Extracts, Insecticides.

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Aronson R.B., Precht W.F. 1995. Landscape patterns of reef coral diversity: a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 192(1):1-14.

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